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Assessment Overview
BHA FPX 4002 Assessment 3: looks at how healthcare in the U.S. has changed over the years, from the 1800s to the 1900s to the 2000s. It looks at access, quality, and cost, and how rules, laws, and healthcare programs changed the way patients were treated. The study shows how access to healthcare has gotten better, how quality standards have changed, and how financial systems have made care more affordable over time.
Sample Paper
Historical Trend Analysis
Looking at how things have changed over time shows how much American healthcare has improved. Learning about these changes will help healthcare grow and improve in the future. Changes in health trends affect the daily work of healthcare administrators because they need to make changes to meet changing needs. The healthcare market is always changing.
Trends and Regulations
Better patient care comes from having access to healthcare. The prognosis gets better when patients can get the right care and treatment. Access to healthcare is very important for lowering death rates and slowing the spread of disease. To build healthy communities and populations, good healthcare is very important. It gives patients a sense of safety and trust in medical professionals, which leads to better health outcomes and higher compliance. Patients who get good care are more likely to check on their health and follow up.
The high cost of healthcare has been a big problem, keeping people from getting the medical care they need. But over the past three hundred years, changes in trends and rules have made medical costs easier to handle.
Healthcare Access
Access to healthcare is very important because sick people need to be able to get treatment or medical care. When healthcare is limited, more people die and diseases get worse. There have been many rules over the years to make it easier for people to get healthcare. For example, state medical boards in the 1800s, the Hill-Burton Act in the 1900s, and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in the 2000s.
Healthcare Quality
Better treatments and better outcomes for patients depend on the quality of healthcare. The U.S. Army Medical Department in the 1800s, the Center for Improvement in Healthcare Quality in the 1900s, and the Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act of 2005 are all examples of efforts to improve healthcare quality by encouraging patients to take part and holding providers accountable.
Healthcare Cost
The cost of healthcare has made it hard for people to get medical care. But the introduction of health insurance in the 1800s, prepaid health plans in the 1900s, and systems like the Outpatient Prospective Payment System in the 2000s have made healthcare cheaper, allowing patients to get medical care when they need it.
Trend Analysis
Over the past three eras, healthcare has made great strides in access, quality, and cost. Regulatory changes have made it easier for people to get medical care, which has led to better care and treatments for patients. The quality of healthcare has gone up, which means better care and safety for patients. With the introduction of insurance and payment systems, costs have become easier to handle, making healthcare more accessible overall.
Conclusion
In conclusion, changes and improvements in the healthcare industry have made a big difference in the quality of care, patient outcomes, and the cost of healthcare. Patients can now get timely treatment because access to healthcare has gotten better. Regulatory measures have improved the quality of care, which keeps patients safe. Healthcare costs have become easier to handle, making it possible for more people to get the medical care they need. In general, healthcare has gotten better over the past three eras, which has led to better prognosis, treatment, and disease management.
BHA FPX 4002 Assessment 3 Historical Trend Analysis
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2021d). Hospital inpatient quality reporting program.
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2021e). Hospital outpatient prospective payment system (OPPS).
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2021f). National Correct Coding Initiative edits. Retrieved from https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Coding/NationalCorrectCodInitEd
Chaudhry, H.J. (2010). The important role of medical licensure in the United States. Academic Medicine, 85(11), 1657. doi:10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181f557ed
Health.gov. (n.d.). History of healthy people.
Kroth, P. J., & Young, K. M. (2018). Sultz & Young’s Health Care USA: Understanding Its Organization and Delivery (9th ed.). Jones & Bartlett.
McCall, N., Korb, J., Petersons, A., & Moore, S. (2003). Reforming Medicare payment: Early effects of the 1997 Balanced Budget Act on postacute care. The Milbank Quarterly, 81(2), 277–173. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.t01-1-00054
Medicare.gov. (2021). Find & compare nursing homes, hospitals & other providers near you. Retrieved from https://www.medicare.gov/care-compare/
Moehling, C. M., & Thomasson, M. A. (2012, April). Saving babies: The contribution of Sheppard-Towner to the decline in infant mortality in the 1920s (Working Paper 17996). National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved from https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w17996/w17996.pdf
Quality Payment Program. (n.d.). APMs overview. Retrieved from https://qpp.cms.gov/apms/overview
Reilly, R. F. (2016). Medical and surgical care during the American Civil War, 1861-1865. Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings, 29(2), 138–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/08998280.2016.11929390
BHA FPX 4002 Assessment 3 Historical Trend Analysis
Truex, E. S. (2014). Medical licensing and discipline in America: A history of the Federation of State Medical Boards. Journal of the Medical Library Association, 102(2), 133–134. https://doi.org/10.3163/1536-5050.102.2.019
University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing. (n.d.). History of hospitals. Retrieved from https://www.nursing.upenn.edu/nhhc/nurses-institutions-caring/history-of-hospitals/
U.S. Department of Labor. (n.d.). Procedure manual; Division of Federal Employees’ Compensation (DFEC). Retrieved from https://www.dol.gov/agencies/owcp/FECA/regs/compliance/DFECfolio/FECA-PT0
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (n.d.). Part II: 1938, Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
Weil, T. P. (2002, Summer). Managed competition using both market-driven and regulatory strategies. Managed Care Quarterly, 10(3), 32–40.
Young, K. M., & Kroth, P. J. (2018). Sultz & Young’s Health Care USA: Understanding Its organization and delivery (9th ed.). Jones & Bartlett.
Appendix: Evolution of Access, Quality, and Cost in Health Care
Table 1: Trend Analysis of Health Care Milestones
| Time Period | Regulatory Legislation, Agencies, or Quality Initiatives | Health Care Access | Health Care Quality | Health Care Costs |
| 1800s | State medical boards | Establishment of medical practice regulations protecting patients (Truex, 2014) | Promotion and implementation of health awareness (Reilly, 2016) | Provision of lower health care costs through insurance (Scofea, 1994) |
| U.S Army Medical Department and United States Sanitary Commission | Implementation of new health care regulations and awareness (Reilly, 2016) | Implementation of medical care and treatments in hospitals (Reilly, 2016) | – | |
| Healthcare Insurance | Introduction of health insurance covering non-death related costs (Scofea, 1994) | – | – | |
| Hospital Treatment | Provision of surgeries, outpatient, and inpatient services (Scofea, 1994) | – | – | |
| Regulating Healthcare | Implementation of state healthcare regulations and physician licensing (Chaudhry, 2010) | – | – | |
| U.S Army Established the Hospital Corps | Maintenance of medical records for better follow-up care (Weedn, 2020) | – | – | |
| 1900s | Hill-Burton Act | Federal grant program providing hospitals with funds (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2021a) | – | – |
| Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act | Regulation of medical equipment and medicine labeling (Young & Kroth, 2018; FDA, n.d.) | – | – | |
| Self-Pay is the primary source of healthcare services | Patient payment for healthcare services (Young & Kroth, 2018) | – | – | |
| Introduction of prepaid health plans (direct contracting) | Improved availability of healthcare for working Americans (Young & Kroth, 2018) | – | – | |
| Center for Improvement in Healthcare Quality (CIHQ) | Regulation and accreditation services for healthcare treatments (Center for Improvement in Healthcare Quality, n.d.) | – | – | |
| 2000s | Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act | Mandated coverage of preventive care services at no patient cost (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2021b) | – | – |
| Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act of 2005 | Improvement of patient safety and reduction of incidents (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2021c) | – | – | |
| Outpatient Prospective Payment System (OPPS) | Medicare payment for hospital outpatient services based on flat rates (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2021d) | – | – | |
| Medicare Care Compare | Platform for comparing medical facilities (Medicare.gov, 2021) | – | – | |
| Hospital Quality Reporting (HQR) and Initiative (H.Q.I.) | Mandatory reporting of quality issues by medical providers (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2021e) | – | – | |
| Managed Market Competition; Consumer-driven health plans | Introduction of consumer-driven health plans (Well, 2002) | – | – |
References (APA 7 Format)
- American Association for Accreditation of Ambulatory Surgery Facilities. (n.d.). We maintain the highest standards for outpatient accreditation.
- Center for Improvement in Healthcare Quality. (n.d.). Welcome to CIHQ. Retrieved from https://www.cihq.org/
- Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2021a). Acute inpatient PPS. Retrieved from https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Medicare-Fee-for-Service-Payment/AcuteInpatientPPS
- Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2021b). Clinical laboratory improvement amendments (CLIA). Retrieved from https://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Legislation/CLIA
- Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2021c). CY 2002 Physician fee schedule proposed rule with comment period.
Step-by-Step Guide
- Set the Scope: Look at healthcare trends in the 1800s, 1900s, and 2000s.
- Collect Data: Get information on laws, regulations, healthcare quality programs, and cost structures.
- Look at how access, quality, and costs changed over time.
- Look at the 1800s, 1900s, and 2000s and see how they are alike, how they are different, and how they have changed.
- Draw Conclusions—Summarize the progress made in history and how it has changed how we practice medicine today.
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